A school of Mahayana Buddhism that asserts that enlightenment can be attained through meditation, self-contemplation, and intuition rather than... Zen - definition of Zen by The Free Dictionary. The Tang dynasty also saw the growth of Chan Buddhism (Zen), with the great Zen masters such as Mazu Daoyi and Linji Yixuan. Chang's The Buddhist Teaching of Totality (Penn State, 1971). Dates: September 15, 2012–December 31, 2012. Zen Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. Zen (Chinese: 禪; pinyin: Chán; Japanese: 禅, romanized: zen; Korean: 선, romanized: Seon; Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (Chánzong 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. Email. Zen is the Japanese development of the school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China as Chan Buddhism. (Zen is Seon or Son in Korean and Thien in Vietnamese.) Zen Buddhism. Zen Buddhism. It refers to the pure or original teachings of the Buddha over 2500 years ago. Two schools that retain their influence today are Pure Land Buddhism and Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Votes: 356 Zen art is known for its elegant simplicity, embodied in the many paintings and calligraphies in this exhibit that consist of black ink on white paper or silk. This post-transmission Chan is much more focused on Hua’Tou meditation as well as a merging with the Pure Land tradition. A warm welcome to Buddhism in the People’s Republic, a special project by Buddhistdoor Global that turns an illuminating spotlight on the many faces, practices, and schools of Mahayana Buddhism in contemporary China.. Analogies have been drawn between Buddhism and Christianity, and Buddhism may have influenced Christianity. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, circa the 5th century BCE, Buddhism outlines a path of personal spiritual enrichment through meditation and insight. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and Song dynasties. Vietnamese monk-turned-peace-activist Thich Nhat Hanh, a hugely influential Buddhist credited with bringing mindfulness to the West, has died aged 95. Chan and Zen use the same character which means meditation. Fri 21 Sep 2012 03.30 EDT. In early China the school was known for making its central tenet the practice of meditation, rather than adherence to a particular scripture or doctrine. Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. Others have noted the significant differences between the two religions beginning with … Pure Land 2. Karen Horney was intensely interested in Zen Buddhism during the last years of her life. As it stands, Zen has been a little more Americanized than Chan since it’s more widely practiced. A Buddhist seeks to offer consistency of word and deed; enlightenment stems from … Zen Buddhism emphasises the idea of expanding one’s self identity whereas Pure Land emphasises the idea of dissolving one’s self identity and embracing the other power, the Amida Buddha. The Korean Seon has a strong relationship with other Mahayana traditions that bear the imprint of Chan teachings as well as the closely related Zen. Zen Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism are the two well-known branches of Buddhism. Buddhism is a major religion in China, and its influence extends beyond China to other regions of East Asia, particularly Korea and Japan, and other areas in Asia and throughout the world affected by the Chinese diaspora. It is regarded as a uniquely Chinese form of Buddhism that later was transplanted into Japan, where it became prominent as Zen. As it now stands, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon Lineage, primarily represented by the Jogye and Taego Orders. Bodhisattvas, an introduction. Zen Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. 2014 Jan; 1307: 64–81. Buddhism is a major global religion with a complex history and system of beliefs. Buddhism began with the life of one man, Siddhartha Gautama, who died around 400 B.C. The Buddhist religion is practiced all around the world. dualistic man vs. nature state-of-mind if we are to address of the problem of pollution and the unsustainable hoarding and consumption of nature. Chan and … Mahayana Buddhism is comprised of a large number of scriptures and varying teachings, which span from ancient to more modern. Hua-yen Buddhism strongly resembles Whitehead's process philosophy, and has strong implications for modern philosophy and religion. Buddhism vs Zen. This ambitious undertaking is a unique, year-long initiative that takes an in-depth look at one of the great living civilizational loci of the Buddhist … Psychoanalysts like Karen Horney and Fritz Perls studied Zen-Buddhism. Advocates of the Pure Land teachings can be identified quite early in Chinese Buddhist history, but Pure Land Buddhism emerged as a major force in the T'ang Dynasty along with Zen. "The principal ontological message of the Prajñ p ramit is an extension of the Buddhist teaching of no-Self to equal no essence, and therefore no inherent existence, as applied to all things without exception" (Paul Williams, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, p. 46). In the Laozi, dao is something one can use in the world: Dao is constantly without name. Articles and resources focusing on Ch'an Buddhism, a distinct school of Mahayana Buddhism that emerged in 6th century China and spread to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, where it is called Zen. A strong belief that enlightenment, a state known as Nirvana, comes from knowing true compassion for others is the basic tenet of the teachings of Buddha. Long-lasting encounters between Indian and Chinese Buddhism and the beliefs, practices, and imagery associated with their respective traditions remains one of the most fascinating in world history. In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: catvāri āryasatyāni; Pali: cattāri ariyasaccāni; "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". One of the features that initially interested me in Zen was its sophisticated use of language. KAMAKURA BUDDHISM, JAPANKamakura Buddhism is a modern scholarly term referring to a phase in the development of Japanese Buddhism coinciding with the Kamakura period (1185–1333). Introduction to Buddhism. As for the Dharma of our sect, when the Buddha ascended to his seat for the last time, he held up and showed to the assembly a golden flower of sandalwood, offered to him by the king of the eighteen Brahmalokas (Mahabrahma Devaraja). Life in Purgatory: Buddhism Is Growing in China, But Remains in Legal Limbo. The following is intended only to introduce Buddhism's history and … Essay by Mei Mei Chan. Zen Buddhism is perhaps the most famous form of Buddhism in the West, but few Westerners are familiar with even the basics of the tradition. Zen is the English form of the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese word Chan, which is derived from the Sanskrit Dhyana. Similar statements would later be made about Buddha-nature, particularly in the tradition of Chan 禪 (Zen) Buddhism. Chan Buddhism. Zen synonyms, Zen pronunciation, Zen translation, English dictionary definition of Zen. Zen Buddhism. From China, Chán spread south to Vietnam and became Vietnamese … The fifth school is Caodong, which is the ancestor of Soto Zen . The name of the sect (Chin. Zen is a school of thought based on Mahayana Buddhism, which is a translation of the Chinese word Chan. A nameless 'noir' detective, still mourning the loss of his wife, investigates a mysterious death in a Buddhist temple, but his logical, left-brained crime-solving skills are useless in the intuitive, non-linear world of Zen. Zen, Chinese Chan, Korean Sŏn, also spelled Seon, Vietnamese Thien, important school of East Asian Buddhism that constitutes the mainstream monastic form of Mahayana Buddhism in China, Korea, and Vietnam and accounts for approximately 20 percent of the Buddhist temples in Japan.The word derives from the Sanskrit dhyana, meaning “meditation.”.” Central to Zen … Chan Buddhism is a major Chinese Buddhist sect attributed to Bodhidharma that emphasizes attaining Buddhahood, the supreme Buddhist religious goal, through enlightenment of one’s own mind, which subsequently spreaded to Japan and named as Zen. Zen) derives from the Sanskrit word dhyana [meditation]. One of the interesting things about Zen masters is how they use the same word with several different meanings. It began in China, spread to Korea and Japan, and became very popular in the West from the mid 20th century. Wuzong’s Persecution (840-5) 3. There are many divisions and subdivisions of the schools of Buddhism.An extensive list of historical schools is given below according to lineage. Richard Wilhelm was a translator of Chinese texts into German language of the I Ching, Tao Te Ching and ‘the secret of the golden flower’, with a forward written by Carl Jung. The term also refers to several new Buddhist movements that appeared during that time, specifically, Pure Land, Zen, and Nichiren. On the other hand, Zen may be considered as a Chinese form of Buddhism, which lays emphasis on experience, and has fewer adherences to teachings and theoretical concepts. Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh is a selfless practitioner and the founder of Engaged Buddhism, the branch of Buddhism that seeks different ways to apply the Buddhadharma and insights from meditation practice to bring about a positive transformation socially, politically, environmentally, and economically. Following in the Buddha's footsteps, Buddhists seek to reach nirvana, or enlightenment, a state of transcendence free from … For our foreign members who may not understand the pun, the original phrase in English is “That was then, this is now.” Nevertheless, I think this play on words may give a false impression of what Zen was, and what it is now. Zen as a school of Buddhism focusses on attaining insights and applying them. Hundreds of years later, Bodhidharma transported Dhyan to China where it became Chan. It is comparable to the experience undergone by Gautama Buddha when he sat under the Bo tree and, as such, is the central Zen goal. This Buddhist school developed in India around 900 CE. So the above citations begin to outline the differences between Zen, Chan and Seon. Long-lasting encounters between Indian and Chinese Buddhism and the beliefs, practices, and imagery associated with their respective traditions remains one of the most fascinating in world history. One can marry and lead a moral life but should know that desire, attachments and cravings lead to suffering. The thirteen essays and afterword in this book discuss the shared mode of philosophy in Buddhism (especially Mādhyamika and Zen Buddhism) and Derridean deconstruction. Korean Zen (Son) Buddhism. Zen Buddhism is perhaps the most famous form of Buddhism in the West, but few Westerners are familiar with even the basics of the tradition. September 12, 2016. https://www.learnreligions.com/chan-and-zen-buddhism-4684853 The truths are: dukkha (suffering, incapable of satisfying, painful) is an innate characteristic of existence in the realm of samsara; “A special transmission outside the scriptures Not founded upon words and letters; By pointing directly to one’s mind It lets you see into your nature and attain Buddhahood” b. Bodhidharma, the great Buddhist Chan sage is associated with Chan, Zen, and Shaolin school and martial arts. It was Bodhidharma who brought Zen to China. Buddhist missionaries were sent by Emperor Ashoka of India to Syria, Egypt and Greece beginning in 250 BC and may have helped prepare for the ethics of Christ. In fact, by the sixth century, Buddhism rivaled Daoism in popularity and political influence. $ Heart S tra: chanted every day in Chan / Zen monasteries. The question is did these different traditions radically change at a certain point in history like Zen in Japan under Suzuki. Zen Buddhism is a stripped-down, determined, uncompromising, cut-to-the-chase, meditation-based Buddhism that takes no interest in doctrinal refinements. During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), Buddhism became the faith of all people of all classes. The first in a nearly exhaustive two-volume treatment of the history of Chan/Zen Buddhism (the second volume deals exclusively with Japan). Zen can be … Zen Buddhism is a mixture of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Buddhist art and culture, an introduction. The Journal of Chan Buddhism is an interdisciplinary or cross-disciplinary journal and will accept submissions from all academic … This has been translated from a Chinese word signifying Chan. This will be the second collaboration between CITeS and CBS. Accessible, detailed, interesting, this is a fine scholarly overview that both beginners and experts will find useful. The top ten countries in which the most people practice are: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka , South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia and India.Most of Asia believes in the Buddhist religion. This particular sect of Buddhism has gone on to influence a number of other Buddhist groups, including Korean Seon, Nichiren Buddhism, Japanese Zen, and Chan Buddhism. Zen Buddhism puts the emphasis on now. Pure Land Buddhism signifies a wide array of practices and traditions within MahĀyĀna Buddhism directed to the Buddha AmitĀbha (Amitāyus) and his realm, Sukhāvatī(Land of Bliss), which came to be referred to in Chinese as the Pure Land (jingtu; Japanese, jōdo).Mahāyāna recognized the existence of innumerable buddhas and even … Another thing, it is important to recognize that today we are too familiar with a skewed understanding of Zen as a renunciation of Buddhist learning, rejecting doctrine and learning. zen is the japanese translation of the chinese word "chan" which is the chinese word for "dhyana" which is the sanskrit word for the pali word "jhana" which means "meditation". Buddhism recovered during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), which is known as the “golden age” of Chan. Photograph: Barbara Walton/EPA. Photograph: Barbara Walton/EPA. Articulated by the historical Buddha in his first sermon, this moral core is founded on the concept of karma--that intentions and actions have future consequences for an individual--and is summarized as Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood, three of the elements of the … Large Mahāyāna scholastic centers such as Nalanda thrived during the latter period of Buddhism in India, between the 7th and 12th centuries. Buswell is widely recognized as one of the premier Western specialists on Korean Buddhism and the broader East Asian Zen tradition. The word is said to be derived from Sanskrit word dhyana which mean meditation.Zen signifies an experimental procedure in the form of a meditation undergone by Buddhists to attain enlighten for self realization. September 12, 2016. Literal Meaning. It was a lot of meditation, mixed in with a lot of Pure Land Buddhism, scholarship and the whole gammut of Buddhist practices, including prostrations, repentance, everything. When masters talk, the words are flowing, like the mind. Pure Land Buddhism and the Philosophy of Honen and Shinran. The religion of Buddhism has sects evolved from traditional Tibetan Buddhism; Zen Buddhism is an offshoot of the original religion. Buddhism began with the life of one man, Siddhartha Gautama, who died around 400 B.C. Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism. Special guest speaker Robert E. Buswell, Jr. will present the Khyentse Foundation Buddhist Studies lecture, in conjunction with the UA's Creating the World of Chan/Sŏn/Zen conference. Zen Buddhism: A History. OI has its roots in a Vietnamese Zen tradition with a lineage that can be traced Buddhist sect of China and Japan. It's not completely correct because although Chinese schools of Buddhism, and even Japanese and Korean school Buddhism, all included the meditational practice. Mahayana Buddhism. This was due in part to the many priests who became itinerant evangelists and brought Pure Land Buddhism to the masses. Merleau-Ponty and Buddhism. Satori is analogous to the conversion experience or spiritual … Zen buddhism definition, Zen. Vol. All the varied forms of Buddhism embody an ethical core that is remarkably consistent. Gautama the Buddha taught Dhyan or meditation. Vietnamese monk-turned-peace-activist Thich Nhat Hanh, a hugely influential Buddhist credited with bringing mindfulness to the West, has died aged 95. In short, despite its title, this is an extraordinary book, bound to be pivotal in the study of Chan and Zen Buddhism and extremely important as well for the study of Chinese religious history in general. Also called Zen Buddhism. Major traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism today include Chan Buddhism, Korean Seon, Japanese Zen, Pure Land Buddhism, Nichiren Buddhism and Vietnamese Buddhism. All three branches began in India, and developed further as they moved across Asia. The main branches of Buddhism. Ch'an and Zen Buddhism. Chan/Zen Buddhism and Carmelite Spirituality: on Love and Compassion.” The conference will be held in the city of Ávila, on 22–26 July, 2020. 1, India and China. Zen Buddhism is a Japan form of Buddhism that is derived from the importing of Chinese Chan Buddhism. Theravada means "teaching of the elders". Consequences “Chinese Buddhism” 1. If we are to stop at sketching what Zen-seeing … The Diamond Sutra is cited everywhere in the Seon teaching records of the Goryeo. Chan Buddhism developed in China between the 6 th and 8 th centuries C.E. The stupa. The largest selection of books, videos, events, and articles on Zen Buddhism, including Chan from China and Son from Korea. Dharma is employed in Ch'an in a specific context in relation to transmission of authentic doctrine, understanding and bodhi; recognised in dharma transmission. Director: Marc Rosenbush | Stars: Duane Sharp, Kim Chan, Debra Miller, Ezra Buzzington. In the later Tang, Chinese Buddhism suffered a setback during the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution of 845. Chan (Zen) a. Bodhidharma’s verse i. Lanham, MD: Lexington … Word Lists, Accounts, and Subscriptions are undergoing scheduled maintenance, and cannot be accessed at this time. In Pali Buddhism is one of the world's oldest religions. Returning to the Everyday Lifeworld: Not One. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. This article addresses the modifications of the term mindfulness in sinicized meditation practices derived from Indian Buddhism. Zen art is known for its elegant simplicity, embodied in the many paintings and calligraphies in this exhibit that consist of black ink on white paper or silk. The peer-reviewed Journal of Chan Buddhism: East Asian and Global Perspectives is the first of its kind in English to specifically present academic research about Chinese Chan, Korean Sŏn, Vietnamese Thìên, and Japanese Zen Buddhism. It attempts to shed some light on these modifications from two different aspects: first the classical Daoist meditation practices were analysed, and this showed why and in what way did the Daoist terminology function as a bridge … Published online 2013 Dec 26. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12279. But here, Zen is still Zen and Chan is still Chan. Satori, Chinese Wu, in Zen Buddhism of Japan, the inner, intuitive experience of Enlightenment; Satori is said to be unexplainable, indescribable, and unintelligible by reason and logic. The Korean word for Ch'an or Zen is Son.. Buddhism is highly significant in Korea. Zen (zĕn) n. 1. Park, Jin Y., and Gereon Kopf, eds. This Chan Buddhism, in some way, was influenced by Taoism (a type of Mahayana Buddhism) while Tibetan Buddhism is introduced to Tibet in the first millennium. Zen (Chinese: 禪; pinyin: Chán; Japanese: 禅, romanized: zen; Korean: 선, romanized: Seon; Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (Chánzong 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. Pure Land school. Zen. Chan is the form of Buddhism that came to dominate Buddhist life in China up to the time of the communist revolution. It is grounded on esoteric elements and very complex set of rituals compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools. The Historical Background of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Hua-yen Buddhism explores the philosophical system of Hua-yen in greater detail than does Garma C.C. Zen (Chinese “Chan”) Buddhism, by contrast, is more austere, with many more practices and conceptual pursuits. Introduction offers a brief history of Buddhist-Western comparative philosophy. If we kept with historical norms, we’d have renamed them both Meditation Buddhism, or Meditation Awakenism, since Chan/Zen means meditation and budh means Awake. Zen is a Japanese transliteration of the Chinese word Chan, which is itself a transliteration of dhyana, the word for concentration or meditation in the ancient Indian language Sanskrit. Mahāyāna Buddhism (see Lama, 2002; Yeh, 2006). Zen can be … Mark Unno . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 Jan 1. A school of Mahayana Buddhism that asserts that enlightenment can be attained through meditation, self-contemplation, and intuition rather than through faith and devotion and that is practiced mainly in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Not relying on scripture, doctrine or ritual, Zen is verified by personal experience and is passed on from master to disciple, hand to hand, ineffably, through hard, intimate training. I contend that it will help to look to classical traditions of Asia, namely Zen Buddhism, to cultivate a robust, cogent, and fruitful eco- Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness. Zen. It is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as the Chan school of Chinese Buddhism in and later developed into various schools. n. 1. Thien is ultimately derived from Chan Zong 禪宗 (simplified, 禅宗), itself a derivative of the Sanskrit " Dhyāna".. Some people think that the Chan Buddhism or Zen Buddhism is just a school based or the meditation. Surviving schools can be roughly grouped under the categories of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna.Theravāda and Mahāyāna share common methods as sutric schools, while Vajrayāna can be seen as a tantric school. PURE LAND BUDDHISM. Buddhism: An Introduction. Chan is the original Zen, a school of Mahayana Buddhism founded in 6th century China. Zen is a Japanese transliteration of the Chinese word Chan, which is itself a transliteration of dhyana, the word for concentration or meditation in the ancient Indian language Sanskrit. This new Chan got a name, Kan’hua Chan. of Chinese: 禪那; pinyin: chánnà), from Sanskrit dhyāna (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state" ), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Worshipers pray and make offerings of incense sticks at Longhua Temple in Shanghai, China, on Tuesday, Feb. 9, 2016. Zen Buddhism puts the emphasis on now. A further offshoot of the northern transmission also developed. Buddhists are those who follow the teachings of the Buddha. (Living Religions, 160) Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind. Pure Land Buddhism and Dogen's Zen Buddhism. So "mind", in chan, can mean a lot of different things. Although traditional accounts of Bodhidharma’s life and contributions may not be completely factual, they illustrate the emphasis on meditation and direct insight that characterize the Mahayana school of Chan Buddhism, which became the most successful form of Buddhism in China. Chan Buddhism. Buddhist historian Erik Braun has traced the origins of the contemporary popularity of meditation to colonial Burma – modern-day Myanmar – in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Zen (Chinese: 禪; pinyin: Chán; Japanese: 禅, romanized : zen; Korean: 선, romanized : Seon; Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (Chánzong 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. Buddhist historian Erik Braun has traced the origins of the contemporary popularity of meditation to colonial Burma – modern-day Myanmar – in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The immanence of the source is demonstrated most of all by the fact that it remains accessible to cultivated people. Buddhism. Zen Buddhism is a minimalist way of following Buddhism whereas Tibetan Buddhism is an elaborate kind of Buddhism. It was during this time, and over the course of the next three centuries, that major schools of Chinese Buddhism formed. Around the 12th century, Damo’s Chan Buddhism migrated to Japan as Zen, and further rejuvenating Japanese Buddhist culture. It is also more in the here-and-now, and would thus seem to be a return of sorts to the Buddha’s original teachings. Created by Smarthistory. Thiền Buddhism (禪宗 Thiền Tông) is the Vietnamese name for the school of Zen Buddhism. Ch'an, Jap. Zen is largely touched by the Taoism. Zen Buddhism - Shambhala Pubs The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Zen (Chinese: 禪; pinyin: Chán; Japanese: 禅, romanized : zen; Korean: 선, romanized : Seon; Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (Chánzong 禪宗), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. Theravada Buddhism. Highly recommended. These movements eventually became the … (Zen is Seon or Son in Korean and Thien in Vietnamese.) Marriage It is not a religious duty to marry. Chan (simplified Chinese: 禅; traditional Chinese: 禪; pinyin: Chán; abbr. Buddhism’s Persecution 1. In Theravada Buddhism obtaining ultimate realisation of the dhamma is achieved in three phases; learning, practising and realising. Hope is often tied into desire and craving, which Buddhists regard as a form of suffering. Tensions 2. Zen Buddhism vs Tibetan Buddhism. For a time there were five distinct schools of Chan, but three of those were absorbed into a fourth, Linji, which would be called Rinzai in Japan. This Chan went further down to Indonesia, Japan, and other far east Asian countries, where it became Zen. Zen Buddhism is much spread across Japan whereas Tibetan Buddhism is from Tibet and spread more in Tibet. Zen is Zen, Tao is Tao I understand that the title of this thread “That was Zen, This is Tao” is a play on words. See more. Dates: September 15, 2012–December 31, 2012. And a joy to read, a plus never to be taken for granted when it comes to academic titles. Hope (for happiness) and fear (of suffering), fame and infamy, praise and blame, gain and loss are the eight worldly dharmas—states of mental grasping that keep us locked into deluded ways of being. Fri 21 Sep 2012 03.30 EDT. Over the centuries, two main branches of Buddhism emerged: a transmission that traveled to Southeast Asia, and a transmission that evolved in East Asia. The Daoist tradition was already present in China when Buddhism first entered the country over the border from neighboring India around the 3rd Century BCE. Ann N Y Acad Sci. However, to refer to ‘Buddhism’ is generic, and so to be more concrete, the Buddhist perspective will be represented through the lens of OI, which was founded by Thầy in Ho Chi Minh City in 1966. From mistica.es. New York: Macmillan, 1988.